GD3

Gangliosides are a family of acidic glycosphingolipids. Gangliosides are ubiquitous components of mammalian cells, found in most cell types but especially in the central nervous system (CNS).

In mammalian cells, the major ganglioside component isolated from diploid human melanocytes is sialosyl-lactosylceramide (GM3, 86-91% of total sialic acid), with ganglioside GD3 as a minor component (2-6% of total sialic acid). In human melanoma cells, GD3 is the predominant ganglioside component (48-63% of total sialic acid). It is suggested that GD3 is a minor ganglioside in most normal tissues. Its expression increases in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Intriguingly, GD3 can mediate additional biological events such as cell proliferation and differentiation.

Moreover, a number of studies have revealed that GD3 ganglioside is highly expressed only during development and in pathological conditions. Its expression increases in atherosclerosis and in a variety of tumors. It is regarded as an apoptotic inducer. GD3 accumulation is rapid, transient, and peaks 15 min after CD95 stimulation in hematopoietic cells. GD3 is a potent mediator of cell death, since its addition to cells in culture damages mitochondria, with the consequent dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨΜ), DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in HuT78 cells.

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