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Background
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Background
The human Vγ9 chain is a critical component of the γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed on innate-like Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. Structurally, the Vγ9 chain comprises a variable (V) region and a constant (C) domain. The V domain contains three complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) responsible for antigen recognition, with CDR3 exhibiting the highest diversity due to V-J gene segment recombination. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells recognize non-peptide antigens, particularly microbial-derived phosphoantigens or dysregulated host-derived metabolites, via MHC-independent mechanisms. This unique recognition is mediated through the TCR γδ heterodimer, with the Vγ9 chain playing a central role in phosphoantigen sensing through direct interactions involving CDR3 loops and conserved regions in the V domain. Functionally, Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells demonstrate rapid effector responses including cytokine secretion (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and cytotoxic granule release, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They participate in early antimicrobial defense and tumor surveillance while maintaining tissue-resident properties. Notably, the Vγ9+ subset displays distinct differentiation markers (e.g., CD45RA+CD27-) compared to adaptive Vγ9- counterparts, reflecting their innate-like activation pathways and memory phenotype development without conventional antigen priming.
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