Carbamylation-Specific Antibody Production Services

With the help of the excellent High-Affi™ technology, Creative Biolabs can provide highly specific and affinity pan anti-carbamyllysine antibody and site-specific anti-carbamylated protein antibodies production services. These antibodies are produced by immunization with carbamylated BSA or KLH or with a synthetic carbamyl peptide and purified by affinity chromatography. The pan anti-carbamyllysine antibody specifically recognizes proteins with carbamylated lysine residues without species limitation, and site-specific anti-carbamylated antibodies recognize site-specific carbamylated peptide. They do not cross-react with non-modified lysine residues and unmodified peptides.

The characteristics and process of protein carbamylation

Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic catalyzed post-translational modification which occurs throughout the lifespan of proteins in vivo. Carbamylation arises from the binding of isocyanic acid and spontaneously derived from high concentrations of urea, leading to form carbamyllysine or N-terminal carbamylation. Therein, urea-driven carbamylation reactions occur not only on proteins but also on free amino acids.

The substrates and functions of carbamylation

Altering the structural properties of proteins
Carbamylation eliminates the positive charge of lysine, which changes the interaction of proteins with water and disrupts ionic interactions on the protein surface. And then, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins are changed.

Inhibiting enzymatic activities and hormonal actions
Studies have shown that carbamylation change the properties of a series of enzymes, hormones, and other proteins. For example, carbamylation decreased the biological activity of erythropoietin (EPO).

The related diseases of protein carbamylation

Evidence indicates that carbamylation involves the involvement various diseases, as carbamylation reaction alters protein structural and functional properties.

Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Carbamylation is a consequence of increased uremia, which in turn leads to the deterioration of the disease. For instance, albumin carbamylation may enhance tubular cell damage and promote peritubular fibrosis.

Atherosclerosis
Carbamylation of LDLs exhibits decreased clearance in vivo and promote the adhesion of monocytes on endothelial cells, induce endothelial cell death, stimulate the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and induce oxidative stress and accelerated senescence in human endothelial progenitor cells.

Alzheimer disease
Carbamylation can modify on tau protein, promoting its self-association into abnormal polymers which have been found in Alzheimer disease.

Autoimmune diseases
Carbamylation plays a key role in promoting the production of antihomocitrulline autoantibodies and triggering subsequent immune response, especially in the pathophysiological processes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Carbamylation has been reported for other normal diseases such as diabetes and inflammatory diseases.

Figure 1: Pathways leading to protein carbamylation in vivo. (Verbrugge F H, et al. 2015)

Various methods are used to measure specific carbamylated proteins or general markers of carbamylation. Importantly, carbamylated hemoglobin has become a biomarker of uremia. This point out protein carbamylation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases.

Creative Biolabs has years of experience in discovery and production of post-translational modification antibodies. Customers can find the most comprehensive PTM antibodies. Our Ph.D. level scientists will provide the highest quality of services and products.

Creative Biolabs can provide a comprehensive list of PTM-specific antibody production services of your choice.

Reference

Verbrugge F H, Tang W H, and Hazen S L. (2015) “Protein carbamylation and cardiovascular diseas”. Kidney Int, 88(3): 474-478.

All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

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