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Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a highly potent lysosphingolipid formed by sphingosine kinases through the phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P functions as a dual mediator, signaling both extracellularly via five G-protein coupled receptors (S1P1-5) to regulate cell proliferation, migration, and morphology, and intracellularly in a receptor-independent fashion to control cell survival and calcium homeostasis.