OPN1MW3 Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of OPN1MW3

OPN1MW3 is encoded by the OPN1MW3 gene. It belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family which has been extensively studied during the past few decades. In vertebrates, cone opsins are classified into four phylogenetic groups: Ultraviolet-blue or short-wave-sensitive-1-cone-opsin group (SWS1), blue or short-wave-sensitive-2-cone-opsin group (SWS2), green or rod-opsin-like cone opsin group (RH2) and red-green or long-to-middle-wave-sensitive cone-opsin group (LWS/MWS). These proteins are light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision, and they consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to cis-retinal.

Function of OPN1MW3 Membrane Protein

Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2) inherited from the first vertebrate (and thus predating the first vertebrate), as well as the rod opsin, rhodopsin (Rh1), which emerged after the first vertebrate but before the first Gnathostome (jawed vertebrate). These five opsins emerged through a series of gene duplications beginning with LWS and ending with Rh1. Each one has since evolved into numerous variants and thus constitutes an opsin family or subtype. Then, OPN1MW is one of four forms. The OPN1MW of aberrant oncogene expression may underlie some forms of hereditary retinal degenerations. The OPN1MW also play a vital role in the cone photoreceptor degeneration that occurs in cone dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration. Since the red-green color vision of mammals is exclusively controlled by their LWS/MWS pigments, the OPN1MW may be a potential therapeutic target of red-green color blind.

Fig.1 Structure of OPN1MW3 membrane protein.

Application of OPN1MW3 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Sato S., et al. cis Retinol oxidation regulates photoreceptor access to the retina visual cycle and cone pigment regeneration. The Journal of physiology. 2016, 6753-65. PubMed ID: 27385534.
   
   

   This article evaluates exogenous 9-cis retinol produced robust sensitivity recovery in bleached red and blue cones but not in red and green rods, suggesting that cis retinol oxidation restricts access to the retina visual cycle to cones

2. Giesbers M.E., et al. Introduction of a rod pigment aromatic cluster does not improve the structural stability of the human green cone pigment. Journal of structural biology. 2007, 222-7. PubMed ID: 17368048.
   
   

   The article shows that a rod pigment aromatic cluster does not improve the structural stability of the human green cone pigment. These mutants were designed in an attempt to increase the thermal stability by replacing weakly interacting side chains in the green pigment with their counterparts in rhodopsin with strong aromatic stacking interaction. All mutants produced wild-type levels of functional pigment, but none showed an increase in thermal stability.

3. Buena-Atienza E., et al. De novo intrachromosomal gene conversion from OPN1MW to OPN1LW in the male germline results in Blue Cone Monochromacy. Scientific reports. 2016, 28253. PubMed ID: 27339364.
   
   

   The article reports that gene conversion in the OPN1LW/OPN1MW genes has been postulated, however, they are first to demonstrate a de novo gene conversion within the lineage of a pedigree.

4. Sakurai K., et al. Physiological properties of rod photoreceptor cells in green-sensitive cone pigment knock-in mice. The Journal of general physiology. 2007, 21-40. PubMed ID: 17591985.
   
   

   The article shows that the abilities of rhodopsin to generate a large single photon response and to retain high thermal stability in darkness are factors that have been necessary for the evolution of scotopic vision.

5. Tsujimura T., et al. Spatially differentiated expression of quadruplicated green-sensitive RH2 opsin genes in zebrafish is determined by proximal regulatory regions and gene order to the locus control region. BMC genetics. 2015, 130. PubMed PMID: 26537431.
   
   

   This article reveals that spatially differentiated expression of quadruplicated green-sensitive RH2 opsin genes in zebrafish is determined by proximal regulatory regions and gene order to the locus control region. This combination of specificity and generality enables seemingly complicated spatial differentiation of duplicated opsin genes characteristic in fish.

OPN1MW3 Preparation Options

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