Enteric Adenovirus Vaccines

Creative Biolabs is a world leader in the field of viral vaccine development. With our extensive experience and advanced platform, we are therefore confident in offering the best vaccine development services for Enteric Adenovirus. We guarantee the finest results for our customers all over the world.

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses of 70–80nm diameter, possessing a genome of linear dsDNA of approximately 35000bp and a capsid with 240 hexons and 12 pentons at the vertices which carry projecting fibres. Human adenoviruses occur in 51 distinct serotypes ordered into six different subgroups (A–F). The classification is based on immunological, biochemical and biological differences. Within subgroups, serotypes are differentiated by the reactivity of the two major capsid proteins, hexon and fibre. Within each subgroup DNA sequence homology is greater than 85%. Adenoviruses regularly associated with gastroenteritis are classified in subgroup F, as serotypes 40 and 41.

Fig.1 Schematic representation of Adenovirus.

Pathogenesis of Enteric Adenovirus Infection

All adenoviruses grow well in human epithelial cells, with the exception of the enteric adenoviruses types 40 and 41. Those can be grown in Graham 293 cells (a human embryonic kidney cell line transformed by Adenovirus type 5 DNA). Adenoviruses replicate in the epithelia of the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as well as in the conjunctiva and, in lymphocytes. Cell attachment is facilitated by the fibre protein, and uptake is via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Various viral factors contribute to the pathogenesis. Whilst the pentons are directly cytotoxic, early viral proteins counteract TNF and apoptosis, and downregulate the expression of MHC class I molecules, thus preventing recognition by cytotoxic T cells. There is persistence of adenovirus infection in lymphoid cells, the mechanism of which is poorly understood.

Symptoms and Control of Enteric Adenovirus Infection

Clinically, Adenovirus-associated diarrhoea does not differ from those caused by other viruses, although the duration of symptoms may last slightly longer (3–11 days). The stools are watery and non-bloody (in contrast to bacterial diarrhoeas). Fever and vomiting are common. Usually, adenovirus gastroenteritis is a mild disease, and treatment is symptomatic. Ribavirin has been used in a few cases. In those cases, the diarrhoeogenic adenovirus was of type 31. Safe and effective adenovirus vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7, but were available only among US military recruits, and production stopped in 1996. At present, there is no vaccine candidate for enteric adenoviruses. Control of hospital outbreaks is by cohort nursing of patients, use of gloves, gowns and goggles, and disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Based on that, Enteric Adenovirus Vaccines is in urgent need for prevention and has great prospect in market.

The Development of Enteric Adenovirus Vaccines

An adenovirus vaccine was used by the United States military from 1971 to 1999, which was discontinued when the only manufacturer stopped production. This vaccine elicited immunity to serotypes 4 and 7. In 2011, the FDA approved an adenovirus vaccine that is essentially the same as the one used from 1971 to 1999.

Years of use in military populations for prevention of adenoviral infections has demonstrated the safety of oral administration of adenovirus. The advantages of using this method as a vaccine platform include rapid development and distribution as well as ease of management.

Creative Biolabs has focused on the viral vaccines for years and is pleased to share our cutting-edge technology and extensive expertise in the field of Enteric Adenovirus vaccines development. We can offer high-quality customized services by adjusting protocols to meet even the most specific requirements. If you are interested in our services, please contact us for more details.

References

1. Westerberg S. (2018). “Interaction of human enterochromaffin cells with human enteric adenovirus 41 leads to serotonin release and subsequent activation of enteric glia cells”. Journal of virology, JVI-00026.
2. Walters E. (2016). “Pseudo-Outbreak of Enteric Adenovirus in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients”. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(6), S124.

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.