Leishmania

Leishmania is the causative agent of leishmaniasis, which is transmitted by sandflies. The infected hosts are mainly vertebrates including humans, rodents, canids and hyraxes. The number of cases caused by Leishmania is about 0.9-1.6 million each year, and there are 21 kinds of Leishmania that are currently identified to cause human diseases. Leishmania is a single-cell eukaryote, and according to the stage of its life cycle, the parasite has two structural variants, the amastigote form and the promastigote form. Leishmania is covered with a layer of lipophosphoglycan coat, lipophosphoglycan, which is a trigger for toll-like receptor 2 and also promotes Leishmania's survival in the host and regulates the host's immune response. Leishmania infects humans and lives in macrophages. Its lipophosphoglycan structure resists the complement system, reduces inflammatory responses, inhibits the oxidative burst response, and prevents natural killer T cells from recognizing Leishmania-retained macrophages. All of these mechanisms ensure Leishmania' survival in the human body.

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