TNF

TNF, abbreviated for tumor necrosis factor, was originally identified as a glycoprotein found in the serum of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) –infected mice treated with endotoxin. It is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. TNF is mainly primarily synthesized by macrophages, dendritic cells or mast cells. It binds and functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. TNF is primarily produced as a type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers. This soluble membrane-integrated cytokine is released via proteolytic cleavage by the metalloprotease TNF alpha converting enzyme (TACE), which tends to dissociate at concentrations below the nanomolar range, thereby losing its bioactivity. The TNF consists of two antiparallel b-pleated sheets with antiparallel b-strands. All these form a 'jelly roll' b-structure which is typically found in the TNF ligand family and viral capsid proteins
TNF is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of pathways that lead to cell survival, cell proliferation, transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and cell death. A number of studies reveal that TNF has been involved in a variety of diseases. These diseases include autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Silencing TNF in mice also demonstrated its neuroprotective function.

Entrez Gene ID: 7124
UniProt ID: P01375