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STAT3 is a member of STAT family, consisting of 770 amino acids and characterized with 6 conserved function domains, including an amino-terminus (NH2), a coiled-coil domain (CCD), the DNA-binding domain (DBD), a linker domain, the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain and a carboxy-terminal transactivation domain (TAD). STAT3 is typically activated by upstream cytokine receptors and growth factor kinases. Meanwhile, non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as ABL and SRC can also cause constitutive activation of STAT3. Phosphorylated STAT3 forms a dimer and simultaneously locates to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of target genes, including immunosuppression, angiogenesis, metastasis and proliferation.
Fig.1 The domain structure and signaling pathway of STAT3. (Zou, 2020)
Constitutively activated STAT3 is related to tumorigenesis and progression of various tumors, such as solid tumors (e.g., breast cancer and pancreatic cancer) and hematopoietic tumors (e.g., multiple myeloma and leukemias). As a key node in many oncogenic signaling pathways, STAT3 is considered to be an oncogene that may regulate oncogenic events related to cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and immune system evasion.
Therefore, targeting the STAT3 signaling pathway has become a preferred therapeutic strategy for various cancers. So far, new drug development for STAT3 mainly included the following approaches. These approaches are designed to block STAT3 directly through peptides, small molecules and decoy oligonucleotides, or indirectly by inhibiting upstream signaling pathways such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and JAK2 pathways. Currently, many combined immunotherapies are now being applied to improve the response and the responding cancer types. Combination therapies of STAT3 inhibitors with therapeutic anti-tumor drugs including the immune-checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T therapies and STING agonists are now being undertaken.
Fig.2 STAT3-targeted therapies. (Zou, 2020)
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Reference
For Research Use Only | Not For Clinical Use