S1P

Sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of mammalian membranes that are metabolized to form signaling molecules. One of the most important of these metabolites is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is formed by the phosphorylation of sphingosine by two kinases - sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 (SphK1 and SphK2). S1P acts through a family of cell surface receptors, subsequently shown to be critical for migration of immune cells throughout the body. Indeed, one of the hallmarks of S1P involvement in disease is its control of cell trafficking.

The production of S1P promotes tumor growth, resistance to apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. S1P secreted from tumor cells can act through S1PRs either in an autocrine manner to promote growth, survival, motility, and metastasis. or in a paracrine manner to induce endothelial adhesion molecules, angiogenesis and regulate tumor-stromal interactions as well as immune cells.

In addition, S1P has diverse effects on a variety of cell types central to the development of atherosclerosis, which is the extensive accumulation of lipids and immune cells. It's worth noting that S1P have been reported to be associated with diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis.

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