NAA Associated Type 1 Diabetes
The association between Type 1 diabetes and the presence of natural autoantibodies (NAA) has generated great interests in the last few years. Creative Biolabs provides comprehensive NAA services to make the best understanding of natural autoantibodies (NAA) property and the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. We offer tailored solutions and advanced platforms for NAA analysis to promote disease diagnosis and treatment, as well as other particular requirements.
Introduction of Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes also known as diabetes mellitus type 1, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which very little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas. The patients are detected with high blood sugar levels in their body. The typical symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, enhanced hunger, and significant weight loss. In addition, disease symptoms may include blurry vision, feeling tired, and poor healing.
What Is the Cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
So far, the clear reason leads to type 1 diabetes is still unknown. However, it is believed that this disease is associated with genetic and environmental factors. Generally speaking, the potential mechanism involves autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Diabetes can be diagnosed via testing the level of sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood. The diabetes mellitus type 1 makes up an estimated 5-10% of all diabetes cases. Although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease per year, the number of people affected globally is unknown. Currently, Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of natural autoantibodies, which are a kind of antibodies that arise independently of antigenic or mitogenic stimulation.
Fig.1 Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. (Katsarou, et al., 2017)
However, there is no definite way to prevent type 1 diabetes until now. The only method to treat the disease is to supplement insulin. In general, insulin therapy is usually administrated by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump. A diabetic diet and exercise also are critical parts of treatment. Complications of relatively rapid beginning include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Long-term complications accompanied by heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes. Furthermore, complications even may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of insulin.
The NAA Targets Based Type 1 Diabetes
The type 1 diabetes always along with the production of natural autoantibodies (NAA), to date, several NAA targets have been recognized:
| Natural Autoantibodies Targets in Type 1 Diabetes | ||||
| Anti-GAD65 | Anti-Insulinoma-Associated-2 (IA-2) | Anti-Islet Cell Cytoplasmic | Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) | Anti-Insulin |
NAA Detection Associated with Type 1 Diabetes
Self-reactive immunity is necessary for the defense of body in normal state and disease. For the IgM isotype natural autoantibodies, which contributes to the enhancement of innate functions, prevent pathogenic processes and maintain or restore health status. However, the IgG isotype is usually pathogenic autoantibodies with high affinity and high specificity which bind to self-proteins and frequently cause autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the NAA detection and analysis are required in medicine development and diseases diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic intervention in autoimmune and malignant diseases.
Fig.2 Postulated contribution of natural IgM in apoptotic cell clearance. Natural IgM binding to apoptotic cells may facilitate the formation of an apoptotic synapse between the apoptotic cell or micro-particle and the phagocyte, and this leads to enhanced recruitment of the complement recognition factors, C1q and MBL. (Caroline, 2012)
Advantages of Our Services
- Over a decade of working experience in antibody design, analysis, and modification services.
- Help perform NAA profiling analysis by our advanced technology platforms.
- Experienced scientists are committed to providing high-quality NAA services.
- Provide epitope and paratope mapping services timely and cost-effective.
Creative Biolabs is an expert who provides NAA services related to type 1 diabetes, our professional academic team has concentrated on the research and development of antibody realm for over decades and successfully contributed a range of services specifically tailored to antibody analytics. We are confident in applying our experience, industry and regulatory knowledge to design actual strategic packages pertinent to customers’ project. Please feel free to contact us for more details or a detailed quote.
References:
- Katsarou, A.; et al. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2017, 3(1): 1-17.
- Caroline Grönwall.; et al. Protective roles of natural IgM antibodies. Frontiers in Immunology. 2012, 3(3): 66.
Choosing natural autoantibody (NAA) microarray to profile autoantibody repertoire and reveal novel disease's marker.
- NAA Services for Anti-GAD65
- NAA Services for Anti-Insulinoma-Associated-2 (IA-2)
- NAA Services for Anti-Islet Cell Cytoplasmic
- NAA Services for Anti-Insulin