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Research item
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Method
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Conclusion
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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite-releasing exosomes.
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Electron microscopic observation.
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The concentration of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite-releasing extracellular vesicles before and after purification was observed to vary with incubation time with typical exosome biofilm structures shown.
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Detection of Toxoplasma-derived exosome-induced host immune responses.
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Nitrocellulose strips of Toxoplasma-derived exosome proteins were incubated with human or mouse sera.
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Mixed sera from chronically infected patients or mice (infected with two different Toxoplasma strains) recognized distinct electrophoretic patterns of Toxoplasma-derived exosome proteins in immunoblots.
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Detection of cytokine mRNA expression by qPCR.
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Toxoplasma-derived exosomes dramatically increased IL-10, TNF-, and iNOS release in murine macrophages.
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Examination of the effectiveness of Toxoplasma-derived exosomes as immunogens.
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Examination of the level of protective immunity induced by intraperitoneal injection of Toxoplasma-derived exosomes was performed after the attack experiment.
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Immunization with Toxoplasma-derived exosomes significantly lowered the parasitemia level of infected mice and reduced infection mortality.
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Protective effect of immunization with Toxoplasma-derived exosomes against infection in mice.
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ELISA detection of antibodies in immunized mice.
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Toxoplasma-derived exosomes triggered a significant increase in IgG1 antibodies in immunized mice.
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The effectiveness of Toxoplasma-derived exosomes-induced IgG antibodies in neutralizing infection was tested by Opsonization experiments.
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Toxoplasma-derived exosomes-induced IgG antibodies were effective in neutralizing the infection and enhancing the survival rate of mice.
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Histopathologic observations and cytokine assays.
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Toxoplasma-derived exosomes-immunized mice did not exhibit significant histopathological changes after chronic infectious attack and expressed high levels of TNF-a and IL-10, etc.
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Fig. 1 Characterizations of Toxoplasma shedding exosomes.1
Fig. 2 Mice immunized with exosomes released from Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite developed reduced parasitemia and increased survival.2
