Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) consist of various molecular components such as lipids, tumor-associated proteins, and nucleic acids that mediate tumor formation and invasion. With many years of research experience in the field of exosome tumor diagnostic applications, Creative Biolabs is specialized in providing unique insights and customized research services related to exosome in tumor diagnosis.

Rationale

Exosomes play a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiologies and pathologies and are involved in regulating cell proliferation, metastasis, and death, thus playing an important role as biomarkers in future medical diagnostics. In particular, exosomes are widely and stably present in almost all body fluids and have superior marker characteristics such as simple sample operability, clear analytical methods, and rich response biological information. TDEs, which are continuously released extracellularly through exocytosis during tumorigenesis and progression, have the corresponding antigens and abundant molecular information inherited from their donor sources to closely participate in pathological processes such as tumor progression, formation of metastatic ecological niches, and immune evasion. Abnormal cells and diseased organs can produce higher levels of exosomes than the normal physiological state and have increased heterogeneity with tumor evolution, suggesting that TDEs are potential markers with promising applications in the fields of tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic evaluation. Solid biopsies are still used as the main basis for pathological diagnosis and treatment, however, their invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity limit their implementation in practice. Liquid biopsies compensate for the shortcomings of traditional solid biopsies and show significant advantages in terms of precision, dynamics, and individualization of medical diagnosis. TDEs as diagnostic markers combined with liquid biopsies are promising platforms for non-invasive tumor diagnosis and prognostic assessment.

Fig.1 Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) promote tumor metastasis. (Bai, 2022)

TDEs Carrying Biomarkers in Tumor Diagnosis

For different stages of tumor early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions, exosomes can be used as diagnostic markers carrying biological information reflecting the characteristics of tumor cells at different stages. In different stages of tumor growth and metastasis, there are often detectable differences in TDEs' contents such as protein expression profiles and miRNAs, which involve their participation in various tumor stages such as tumor invasion and migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, microenvironment reconstruction, and other processes of tumor development and regulation of tumor-related immunity in an autocrine or paracrine way. On the one hand, TDEs surface proteins and lipids are involved in antigenic rapture, inducing an immune response and mediating tumor metastasis to target areas. For example, glycoproteins and integrins of TDEs are associated with their target specificity and mediate tumor migration, which can be used as prognostic markers of tumor metastasis and predict organ-specific metastasis. On the other hand, TDEs can also deliver luminal cytokines including pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-angiogenic factors, and tumor growth factors for the rebuilding of the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, TDEs deliver miRNAs that regulate the expression of tumor-related genes, which are the basis for diagnosing tumor pathological staging, while TDEs proteins are also closely related to chemotherapy resistance of tumors. Therefore, powerful evidence suggests that TDEs and their contents carry tumor-related information and can be used as significant biomarkers for tumor diagnosis.

Fig.2 Comparison of the merits of CTCs (green boxes) and TDEs (blue boxes) together. (Vafaei, 2020)

Exosomes in Tumor Diagnosis at Creative Biolabs

The histological analysis and sequencing of exosomes isolated from different biological fluid samples to analyze their components provide a diagnostic basis for the assessment of tumorigenesis and pathological processes and the development of new tumor markers. Applications of exosomes involved in tumor diagnosis include:

• Early Tumor Diagnosis-Applied Exosomes
• Tumor Prognosis Prediction-Applied Exosomes
• Tumor Treatment Assessment-Applied Exosomes

Tumor-derived exosomes mirror the rich biological information related to tumorigenesis and the development of their tumor source, serving as liquid biopsy biomarkers in tumor diagnosis. At Creative Biolabs, our expert team is long committed to studying the application and biological value of exosomes in tumor diagnosis, involving exosomes as biomarkers in the early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response of a wide range of tumors. Please feel free to contact us.

References

1. Bai, S.; et al. Role of tumour-derived exosomes in metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022, 147: 112657.
2. Vafaei, S.; et al. Potential theranostics of circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes application in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2020, 20: 288.

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