In vitro diagnostic (IVD) tools are powerful and sensitive techniques for disease screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. Creative Biolabs works as an experienced provider of IVD antibody development services. Here, we introduce our IVD antibody development services targeting CMV (Cytomegalovirus).
Overview of CMV
CMV is a commonly known virus that can infect almost anyone. Once acquired, the body will retain the virus for life. CMV is usually harmless to organisms so most people are unaware of being infected. Sometimes it results in some long-term consequences in babies, such as hearing loss, visual deficits, or cognitive delays, if a woman catches it during pregnancy so-called congenital CMV. It is also known as herpesvirus type 5, a member of the herpes family that affects a host of individuals across the lifespan. It is often gained during late childhood or early adulthood with rarely symptomatic, except in the compromised immunity. CMV is usual viral pathogens that normally produce a silent sign or asymptomatic symptom in immunocompetent bodies. In all age subjects, this infection has clearly demonstrated a wide and diverse range of disease in immunocompromised hosts.
After the first recovery in cell cultures, clinical signs caused by human CMV have been gradually recognized both in the immunocompetent host and the immunocompromised one. In the former, most human CMV infection is considered symptomless. It is true for the reactivated diseases induced by latent viruses, however, the role played by reinfection which means an infection by a new virus strain in an immune subject remains to be determined. On the contrary, the primary human CMV infection is mostly correlated with the presence of mild clinical symptoms including fatigue, headache, or sore throat when carefully evaluated at clinical levels. Nevertheless, there are two clinical events in which early human CMV infection may lead to major problems. One is the transfusion of multiple blood units that cause the postperfusion syndrome. Another is pregnancy, that primary infection is spread from mother to fetus in approximately 50% of cases, thus causing congenital infection, which can be cytomegalic inclusion disease in about 10% of cases.
The Pathogenesis of Human CMV
CMV is associated with the viruses that induce herpes simplex, chickenpox, and mononucleosis. It could cycle through periods when it lies dormant and then reactivates. CMV mainly stays dormant in healthy people. During activation, the virus of CMV can be transmitted to others and casual contact does not pass it. In the host with weak immunity, the severity level of primary and reactivated human CMV infections is much higher, whereas the occurrence of reinfection may be at a much higher rate with respect to the normal group.
Fig.2 (A-E) Cytomegalic endothelial cells along the vessel wall or inside the blood vessels of the prostate of an AIDS patient deceased with disseminated human CMV infection. (F) Cytomegalic cells in the retina of the same patient. (Gerna, G., 2004)
In acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with human CMV, disseminated infection, or end-organ illness, a generalized human CMV infection of endothelial cells is found in the autopsy. On the other side, transplanted patients with immunocompromise reveal the presence of virus and its related products in peripheral blood leukocytes, when affected by a disseminated infection of human CMV. The interaction of endothelial cells and leukocytes stands for the pathogenetic basis of all clinical syndromes originating during disseminated human CMV infections. And this interplay is a trigger for the transmission of human CMV from mother to fetus during early infections of pregnant ones. These two biologic properties of endothelial cell tropism and leukocyte tropism are shared by recently clinical human CMV isolates, without showing in laboratory-adapted strains. The potential function of human CMV in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (immunocompetent after angioplasty and the heart transplant patient) is getting support from some clinical observations, seroepidemiologic findings, in vivo animal models, and in vitro data. The interaction between endothelial cells and leukocytes with a subsequent spreading of infection to smooth muscle cells seems to be a major pathogenetic mechanism at the basis of this vascular disease.
Treatments for CMV
Human CMV is a well-recognized cause of disease in the fetus, the allograft recipients, and AIDS patients. Now, it has been regarded as a pathogen for those admitted to intensive care units, as well as the elderly and the general population. Briefly, human CMV has the potential to spread in the bloodstream to all other organs, whereas only producing overt disease if the viral load increases to a high level. This is generally prevented by a strong immune response, such that the infected individual can remain asymptomatic. However, the benefit comes at the cost of committing increasing immunological resources to controlling human CMV with time so that the overall function of the immunity is impaired.
Fig.3 Immunohistochemical detection of human CMV p52 protein in cytomegalic endothelial cells present along the vessel wall or inside the blood vessels of the ovary of an AIDS patient deceased with disseminated human CMV infection. (Gerna, G., 2004)
IVD antibodies are extensively used in immunodiagnostic tools for disease screening and therapeutic monitoring. Through our role as a leading antibody service provider, Creative Biolabs is well-positioned to develop high-quality anti-CMV antibodies. Besides antibody generation, Creative Biolabs also offers diagnostic immunoassay development services, including feasibility analysis, assay design, assay protocol establishment, assay optimization, and kit production.
Creative Biolabs has successfully completed numerous IVD antibody generation and development projects for clients across the globe. If you are interested in our IVD antibody discovery services, please contact us for more details.
Reference
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