With years of experience in antibody development, Creative Biolabs offers Rotavirus-specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) antibody development services to our worldwide clients. Our team of technical experts will spare no effort to provide professional technical support.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus, which is a genus of the family Reoviridae. There are eight species of this virus, designated as A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Humans are predominantly infected by species A, B and C. Rotavirus A is the most common one, causing over 90% of rotavirus infections in humans. Regarding rotavirus A, there are different strains referred to as serotypes, using a dual classification system based on two proteins on the surface of the virus. Rotavirus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. It could infect and damage the cells of small intestine and result in gastroenteritis (a severe inflammation of the stomach and bowels). In addition to the impair on human health, rotavirus also infects animals, including the livestock. For example, species E and H cause disease in pigs, and D, F and G in birds. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among infants and children around the world and results in the death of about 500,000 children worldwide annually.
Fig.1 Structure of rotavirus.
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the most central cause of severe diarrhea amongst infants and young children, and it is still a significant cause of death in this group worldwide. The symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis include severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Diarrhea due to gastroenteritis is induced by multiple activities of the rotavirus. Malabsorption is generated due to the destruction of gut cells known as enterocytes. The toxic protein of rotavirus called NSP4, induces age- and calcium ion-dependent chloride secretion, and disrupts SGLT1 transporter-mediated reabsorption of water, which evidently declines the activity of brush-border membrane disaccharidases. Moreover, this mechanism probably triggers the calcium ion-dependent secretory reflexes of the enteric nervous system. Commonly, healthy enterocytes secrete lactase into the small intestine. One of the symptom during rotavirus infection is milk intolerance caused by lactase deficiency, which can persist for several weeks.
Fig.2 A simplified drawing of the rotavirus replication cycle.
Correlation of Rotavirus and Childhood
Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Most children in the world have had more than 1 rotavirus infection by the age of 5, especially for children from less developed countries. Children 3 months of age and younger, however, may not develop diarrhea symptoms when they are infected with rotavirus because they have transplacental maternal antibodies to protect them in the first few months of life. Usually, the first infections are most severe and occur when circulating maternal rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin G is waning, typically at 3 to 12 months of age. After several rotavirus infections, children develop natural antibodies that protect them from symptoms of diarrhea when they are reinfected. Subsequent or recurrent rotavirus infections affect people of all ages and confer progressively more protection against severe disease.
Fig.3 Potential mechanisms of rotavirus pathogenesis and immunity.
IVD antibodies have been commonly used in immunodiagnostic kits for the disease diagnosis and prognosis. Creative Biolabs has built a versatile IVD platform to provide custom biomarker-specific IVD antibody development services to global clients. Along with over a decade of rich experience in providing excellent custom services for IVD antibody discovery, our services can totally meet your special requirements. In addition, Creative Biolabs provides one-stop diagnostic immunoassay development services, including feasibility analysis, assay design, assay protocol establishment, validation, and production.
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