Ultrasound molecular imaging has been developed in the past two decades with the goal of non-invasively imaging disease phenotypes on a cellular level not depicted on anatomic imaging. Such techniques already play a role in pre-clinical research for the assessment of disease mechanisms and drug effects and are thought to contribute to earlier diagnosis of disease in the future, assessment of therapeutic effects and patient-tailored therapy in the clinical field. Creative Biolabs is an integrated antibody development and molecular imaging research services provider to the institute and companies. We possess advanced and comprehensive molecular imaging techniques to accelerate your drug/device discovery and development stage research. We provide ultrasound-targeted nanobubble development services for in vivo imaging research use.
Ultrasound is a safe, fast, and inexpensive technique widely used in diagnosis. This imaging technique makes use of sound waves (typically with frequencies in the range of 1 to 40 MHz) which are reflected differently by different organs and tissues. When compared to other imaging modalities such as optical imaging and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging, the image quality in ultrasound is often inferior as blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves. Microbubbles are generally used to enhance contrast in ultrasound imaging due to their superior scattering properties and their dynamic response to the application of an ultrasonic field. Recently, many studies focused on sdAb-based ultrasound imaging have been reported.
Fig.1 Contrast agents for contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging. (Kosareva, 2020)
In general, there are two strategies for targeting of ultrasound contrast agents: modification of the shell surface, and conjugation of a targeting ligand on the contrast agent shell surface. Incorporation of phosphatidylserine into the microbubble shell results in a highly negative surface charge and in activation and surface attachment of complement fragments, which in turn mediate attachment of microbubbles to activated leukocytes within inflamed tissue. In a more specific strategy to targeting, the conjugation of ligands such as sdAb to the microbubble surface is used. Conjugation can be accomplished either directly to the microbubble shell or more often to a PEG spacer arm to project the binder away from the microbubble surface and, therefore, enhance ligand-target interaction.
Fig.2 Ultrasound molecular imaging of atherosclerosis with sdAbs. (Punjabi, 2019)
Due to the micrometer size, the proteins targeted should be located in the vasculature of the tumor. For instance, sdAbs targeting the vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1) were developed for microbubble targeting, as this protein is involved in melanoma cell adhesion to the endothelium. Anti-VCAM1 sdAbs were coupled to lipid microbubbles by biotinylation and injected intravenously to mice bearing MC38 tumor xenografts. The signals gained from the sdAb coupled microbubbles were found to be enhanced compared to the control microbubbles.
Although only the vasculature can be probed with this technique, the application of sdAb-targeted microbubbles is beneficial as it can provide safe, fast and inexpensive scanning together with relatively high-quality images.
Compared with other imaging methods, a distinct advantage of ultrasound is its wide availability and low cost. Thus, from a technical and economical point of view, ultrasound is well suited for screening of large populations for a particular disease phenotype. If you are interested in our customized ultrasound-targeted nanobubble development services, please directly contact us for more information.
References
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