Creative Biolabs is offering the most comprehensive services for antibody development projects. With strict regulation and effective execution, we are dedicated to providing the most valuable solutions to complete your projects.
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Creative Biolabs has established a broad range of platforms for developing novel antibodies or equivalents. These cutting-edge technologies enable our scientists to meet your demands from different aspects and tailor the most appropriate solution that contributes to the success of your projects.
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HighlightsAs a leading services provider of life science, Creative Biolabs has extensive experience in the immunologic analysis field. We offer high-quality CreMap™ antigen processing services which provide valuable information for epitopes from antibody drug candidates and other proteins of interest to help understand and manage their potential immunogenicity.
In order to be capable of engaging the key elements of adaptive immunity (specificity, memory, diversity, self/nonself discrimination), antigens have to be processed and presented to immune cells. Antigen presentation is mediated by Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and certain other cells. Antigen processing and presentation refer to the processes occurring within cells that result in fragmentation (proteolysis) of proteins, binding of fragments to MHC, and expression of the peptide-MHC molecules at the cell surface where they can be recognized by the TCR (T Cell Receptor) on T cell. TCR can only recognize antigens in the form of peptides that bind to MHC molecules on the surface of human cells. The antigens recognized by T cells are peptides produced by cleavage of macromolecular antigen into short fragments by antigen processing.
Endogenous/intracellular antigens
Endogenous/intracellular antigens are processed by the proteolytic system and presented by MHC molecules. Intracellular proteins are cut into short peptides in the cell's multifunctional protease complex, the proteasome. The proteasome subunit induces proteolytic complex to produce short peptides that specifically bind to the MHC-I molecule. The short peptide is transported into the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) by TAP (Transporters Associated with Antigen Processing) for subsequent assembly with MHC-I molecules. The peptide is then loaded onto the MHC-I molecule and transported to the cell surface for recognition by CD8+ T cells.
Exogenous/extracellular antigen
The exogenous protein is mainly presented by MHC-II molecules. Antigens are internalized by several pathways, including phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and endocytosis. Internalized antigens are processed in three increasingly acidic endosomal environments: early endosomes (pH 6.0-6.5), late endosomes (pH 5.0-6.0) and lysosomes (pH 4.5-5.0), and finally traffic to a mature endosomal compartment where they are processed and loaded onto MHC-II molecules. At the cell surface, the antigen is presented to CD4+ T-cells.
Fig.1 Trafficking of antigens for processing and presentation with MHC molecules. (Cresswell, 1991)
The CreMap™ antigen processing assays can be used to measure antigen processing and presentation, which directly identify epitopes of protein antigens that are bound to MHC molecules and displayed to T cells via APC. The processing activity of the antigen may affect epitope production and presentation. Thus antigen processing assays provide valuable and accurate information for epitopes from biotherapeutic drug candidates and other proteins of interest to help understand and manage their potential immunogenicity. During antigen processing, the antigen is degraded into peptides by protease, and thus the processing activity of the antigen can be evaluated by measuring the degradation activity or proteolytic activity. At Creative Biolabs, our CreMap™ antigen processing analysis process are as follows:
We are dedicated to providing the best services to help our clients accelerate their basic research, preclinical or clinical development. Please feel free to contact us for more details about our CreMap™ antigen processing services.
Reference
All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
