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CD96 molecule (also known as Tactile) is a type I transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion protein encoded by the CD96 gene, with three extracellular Ig-like domains and a cytoplasmic ITIM-containing inhibitory signal tail. CD96 is selectively highly expressed on mature NK cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and partial myeloid immune subsets, binding the cell surface ligand CD155 (PVR) to deliver intracellular inhibitory signals that restrain immune effector cytotoxicity against tumor cells.
CD96 exerts its full immune checkpoint regulatory function through high-affinity extracellular Ig domain binding to tumor-expressed CD155, followed by cytoplasmic ITIM motif tyrosine phosphorylation to recruit SHP phosphatases that block NK cell perforin/granzyme release pathways. Unlike activating NK receptors that trigger lysis, CD96 acts as a dominant inhibitory adhesion receptor; sustained CD96-CD155 interaction at tumor immune synapses suppresses anti-tumor effector programs, uncoupling NK cell recognition of malignant target cells from cytotoxic clearance responses. This dual adhesion-checkpoint characteristic balances physiological self-tolerance while mediating tumor immune escape; persistent CD96 upregulation on infiltrating NK cells severely blunts anti-cancer surveillance capacity. CD96 participates in core physiological and pathological processes including peripheral immune self-tolerance, NK cell homeostatic regulation, chronic infectious immunosuppression and solid tumor immune evasion. Abnormally elevated CD96 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is tightly correlated with poor immunotherapy response, making CD96 a core emerging immune checkpoint research target for tumor immunology study.
Fig. 1 CD96 competes with TIGIT and activating receptor CD226 for CD155 binding; all three receptors carry intracellular inhibitory ITIM motifs to regulate immune cell function.1
The biological functions of CD96 are focused on CD155 ligand adhesion and ITIM-mediated inhibitory signal transduction:
Creative Biolabs offers high-quality CD96 proteins through optimized eukaryotic heterologous expression systems, including full-length membrane-bound isoform and extracellular Ig ligand-binding domain truncated variants with customized glycosylation profiles. These products retain native CD155 high-affinity binding capacity and complete ITIM inhibitory signal coupling activity, suitable for immune checkpoint ligand-receptor interaction research and anti-tumor immunomodulatory compound screening workflows. All CD96 batches undergo strict multi-step quality control including chromatographic purity analysis and NK cell-based inhibitory functional validation to guarantee consistent experimental performance across diversified tumor immune research platforms.
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Creative Biolabs provides custom-engineered CD96 stable cell lines with overexpression and gene knockdown immune cell research models, fully optimized for systematic exploration of CD96 inhibitory checkpoint mechanisms and checkpoint-targeted compound potency testing. Each cell line undergoes repeated multi-cycle stable target gene expression screening and complete ITIM inhibitory signal functional verification before delivery to ensure long-term stable repeatable performance in continuous tumor immune experimental assays.
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High-specificity recombinant antibodies targeting CD96 are developed via proprietary full-process antibody engineering platforms with rigorous cross-reactivity screening against other Ig superfamily NK adhesion receptors. These antibody reagents are fully validated for multiple standard experimental workflows including NK cell membrane immunofluorescence localization staining, quantitative Western blot expression profiling and co-immunoprecipitation CD96-CD155 ligand complex detection, supporting high-precision quantitative characterization of CD96 expression levels and subcellular distribution patterns under infectious and tumor pathological conditions.
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Beyond catalog products, Creative Biolabs offers specialized custom services for CD96 research:
CD96 is an NK cell adhesion checkpoint receptor that binds tumor CD155 ligand, recruits intracellular inhibitory phosphatases, and suppresses NK cell anti-tumor cytotoxic granule release.
CD96 mediates major tumor immune escape signals and represents a novel immunotherapy checkpoint target. It is a vital core research target for NK tumor immunology.
No, all CD96 products and services are strictly for research use only, not intended for clinical diagnosis or treatment.
Offerings include full-length CD96 adhesion proteins, high-specificity recombinant antibodies, and custom stable NK cytotoxicity reporter cell lines, supporting checkpoint immunotherapy research projects.
CD96 proteins are validated via CD155 ligand binding and NK cell cytotoxicity inhibition cell assays to retain native immune checkpoint regulatory function.