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CD96

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All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Background

CD96 molecule (also known as Tactile) is a type I transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion protein encoded by the CD96 gene, with three extracellular Ig-like domains and a cytoplasmic ITIM-containing inhibitory signal tail. CD96 is selectively highly expressed on mature NK cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and partial myeloid immune subsets, binding the cell surface ligand CD155 (PVR) to deliver intracellular inhibitory signals that restrain immune effector cytotoxicity against tumor cells.

CD96 exerts its full immune checkpoint regulatory function through high-affinity extracellular Ig domain binding to tumor-expressed CD155, followed by cytoplasmic ITIM motif tyrosine phosphorylation to recruit SHP phosphatases that block NK cell perforin/granzyme release pathways. Unlike activating NK receptors that trigger lysis, CD96 acts as a dominant inhibitory adhesion receptor; sustained CD96-CD155 interaction at tumor immune synapses suppresses anti-tumor effector programs, uncoupling NK cell recognition of malignant target cells from cytotoxic clearance responses. This dual adhesion-checkpoint characteristic balances physiological self-tolerance while mediating tumor immune escape; persistent CD96 upregulation on infiltrating NK cells severely blunts anti-cancer surveillance capacity. CD96 participates in core physiological and pathological processes including peripheral immune self-tolerance, NK cell homeostatic regulation, chronic infectious immunosuppression and solid tumor immune evasion. Abnormally elevated CD96 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is tightly correlated with poor immunotherapy response, making CD96 a core emerging immune checkpoint research target for tumor immunology study.

Fig. 1 Structural comparison of CD96, TIGIT and CD226 competing for shared ligand CD155. (OA Literature)Fig. 1 CD96 competes with TIGIT and activating receptor CD226 for CD155 binding; all three receptors carry intracellular inhibitory ITIM motifs to regulate immune cell function.1

CD96 Protein Function: Core Roles in NK Cell Checkpoint Inhibition and Tumor Immune Homeostasis

The biological functions of CD96 are focused on CD155 ligand adhesion and ITIM-mediated inhibitory signal transduction:

  • Immune Checkpoint Adhesion Modulation: Binds tumor CD155 ligand via extracellular Ig domains to recruit intracellular inhibitory phosphatases, the primary molecular mechanism of CD96-mediated regulation.
  • NK Cytotoxicity Suppression Control: Blocks perforin and granzyme secretion upon tumor target recognition, fine-tuning NK cell anti-tumor functional decay dynamics.
  • Peripheral Self-Tolerance Tuning: Limits excessive auto-reactive NK cell activation under normal physiological conditions.
  • Tumor Immune Escape Propagation: Sustains inhibitory signaling within tumor microenvironments to evade immune clearance.
  • Disease Relevance: Upregulated CD96 correlates with weakened tumor anti-immune responses, a core novel checkpoint research marker.

CD96 Protein Product

Creative Biolabs offers high-quality CD96 proteins through optimized eukaryotic heterologous expression systems, including full-length membrane-bound isoform and extracellular Ig ligand-binding domain truncated variants with customized glycosylation profiles. These products retain native CD155 high-affinity binding capacity and complete ITIM inhibitory signal coupling activity, suitable for immune checkpoint ligand-receptor interaction research and anti-tumor immunomodulatory compound screening workflows. All CD96 batches undergo strict multi-step quality control including chromatographic purity analysis and NK cell-based inhibitory functional validation to guarantee consistent experimental performance across diversified tumor immune research platforms.

CD96 Membrane Protein Product

Not finding the membrane protein product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

CD96 Stable Cell Line Product

Creative Biolabs provides custom-engineered CD96 stable cell lines with overexpression and gene knockdown immune cell research models, fully optimized for systematic exploration of CD96 inhibitory checkpoint mechanisms and checkpoint-targeted compound potency testing. Each cell line undergoes repeated multi-cycle stable target gene expression screening and complete ITIM inhibitory signal functional verification before delivery to ensure long-term stable repeatable performance in continuous tumor immune experimental assays.

CD96 Stable Cell Line Product

Not finding the stable cell line product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

CD96 Recombinant Antibody Product

High-specificity recombinant antibodies targeting CD96 are developed via proprietary full-process antibody engineering platforms with rigorous cross-reactivity screening against other Ig superfamily NK adhesion receptors. These antibody reagents are fully validated for multiple standard experimental workflows including NK cell membrane immunofluorescence localization staining, quantitative Western blot expression profiling and co-immunoprecipitation CD96-CD155 ligand complex detection, supporting high-precision quantitative characterization of CD96 expression levels and subcellular distribution patterns under infectious and tumor pathological conditions.

CD96 Recombinant Antibody Product

Not finding the recombinant antibody product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

Product Features

  • Native CD155 Binding & ITIM Inhibitory Activity: Preserves intact extracellular Ig ligand pocket and cytoplasmic ITIM motif to accurately recapitulate endogenous NK cell tumor inhibitory checkpoint cascades.
  • NK Adhesion Receptor Specificity: Rigorously validated exclusive target epitope recognition without off-target cross-reaction to other Ig superfamily NK molecules, supporting high-specificity checkpoint research.
  • Tumor Immunology Dual Compatibility: Optimized for primary NK and tumor-infiltrated lymphocyte experimental systems, supplying standardized reliable tools for checkpoint inhibitor drug discovery.
  • Comprehensive Customization Support: Facilitates full-cycle tailored development of custom CD96 proteins, antibodies and NK cytotoxicity reporter cell lines to satisfy diversified tumor immunotherapy research demands.

Custom CD96 Research Services

Beyond catalog products, Creative Biolabs offers specialized custom services for CD96 research:

  • Custom CD96 Protein Production: Tailored expression of ligand-binding defective Ig domain mutants, epitope-tagged full-length constructs and CD155 fusion polypeptides.
  • Custom Antibody Development: De novo generation of CD96-specific antibody clones for NK cell membrane localization detection and ligand complex co-IP analysis, alongside inhibitory signal blocking antibody preparation.
  • Stable Cell Line Engineering: Custom construction of CD96-modified NK cytotoxicity reporter cell lines with complete ITIM inhibitory functional validation data attached.
  • Functional Assay Development: Custom design of CD96-CD155 binding detection assays and high-throughput NK anti-tumor cytotoxicity screening workflows.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

  1. What is the primary function of CD96?

    CD96 is an NK cell adhesion checkpoint receptor that binds tumor CD155 ligand, recruits intracellular inhibitory phosphatases, and suppresses NK cell anti-tumor cytotoxic granule release.

  2. Why is CD96 a significant research target?

    CD96 mediates major tumor immune escape signals and represents a novel immunotherapy checkpoint target. It is a vital core research target for NK tumor immunology.

  3. Are Creative Biolabs' CD96 products suitable for clinical use?

    No, all CD96 products and services are strictly for research use only, not intended for clinical diagnosis or treatment.

  4. What types of CD96 products does Creative Biolabs offer?

    Offerings include full-length CD96 adhesion proteins, high-specificity recombinant antibodies, and custom stable NK cytotoxicity reporter cell lines, supporting checkpoint immunotherapy research projects.

  5. How are CD96 proteins validated for activity?

    CD96 proteins are validated via CD155 ligand binding and NK cell cytotoxicity inhibition cell assays to retain native immune checkpoint regulatory function.

Reference
  1. Georgiev, Hristo, et al. "Coming of age: CD96 emerges as modulator of immune responses." Frontiers in immunology 9 (2018): 1072. Under Open Access license CC BY 4.0, without modification. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01072
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