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ETFA

Products

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All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Background

ETFA, or alpha-ETF, is an approximately 35 kDa soluble protein within the mitochondrial matrix, which serves as an essential subunit of the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) heterodimer, which associates with ETFB to establish a mobile electron transport intermediate in the mitochondrial matrix. The ETF heterodimer donates these electrons to the membrane-associated electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFDH, also called ETF–QO) that then donates them to the respiratory chain at coenzyme Q level; this relay of electrons is necessary for mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation as well as amino acid and choline metabolism.

Fig.1 ETFA can facilitate fatty acid β-oxidation. (OA Literature)Fig.1 A working model explaining how hepatocyte-derived Igκ promotes HCC progression by stabilizing ETFA to facilitate fatty acid β-oxidation.1

ETFA Protein Function: A Central Hub in Mitochondrial Electron Transport

knowledge of the biological implications of ETFA extends across several, interconnected domains of both metabolism and pathology:

  • Fatty Acid β-Oxidation: Under conditions that require limit fasting or have cells with a high energy and (effect energy) demand, such as cardiomyocytes, fatty acids β-oxidation is utilized as the primary modality of ATP production. The electron transfer flavoprotein: onto a similar bluish background trusts sulfonate in the headings of electrons delivered by different acyl-CoA dehydrogenase compounds (each of them imparts the primary activity supporting β-oxidation). ETFA dysfunction inhibits complete fatty acid oxidation resulting in the buildup of incompletely oxidized intermediates and disruption of energy supply.
  • Amino Acid and Choline Catabolism: In addition to involvement of fatty acids, ETFA also performs β-oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine), lysine and tryptophan, as well as choline. Multiple ETF-dependent pathways such as those of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) are essential for the clearance of neurotoxic metabolites from the brain. Deficiency disorders of organic acidemia are disorders occurring due to disturbed pathways.
  • Disease Associations: Biallelic pathogenic variants It is an autosomal recessive disorder with a wide Clinical continuum between severe infantile-onset forms that present as metabolic acidosis, hypoketotic hypoglycemia with cardiomyopathy and congenital anomalies to milder late-onset forms characterized by episodic decompensation in response to either fasting intolerance or febrile illness; triglyceride-rich lipid-storage myopathy; and progressive muscle weakness.

ETFA Protein Product

We provide recombinant ETFA proteins designed to support studies of electron transfer flavoprotein structure and function. As the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial electron transfer flavoprotein complex, ETFA associates with ETFB and contributes to FAD-dependent electron transfer in metabolic pathways. Available ETFA proteins and constructs can support studies of ETFA–ETFB interactions, FAD-associated protein structure, electron-transfer mechanisms, metabolic pathways, binding assays, and antibody research. Product formats and construct designs may vary according to specific research requirements, with appropriate quality assessment applied based on the intended research use.

ETFA Protein Product

Not finding the protein product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

ETFA Stable Cell Line Product

Cellular model systems that are proven to be reliable are essential for dissecting ETFA-induced biology and evaluating therapeutic candidates. We offer stable cell lines for constitutive or inductive overexpression of human, mouse, or rat ETFA and of cells with reduced endogenous expression to perform loss-of-function studies. These provide a fast and reproducible basis for high throughput compound screening, fatty acid oxidation assays, amino acid metabolism studies and metabolic flux analysis which are well suited to pathological and pharmacological investigation of ETFA.

ETFA Stable Cell Line Product

Not finding the stable cell line product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

ETFA Recombinant Antibody Product

We provide a complete portfolio of high-affinity recombinant antibodies against ETFA, designed for optimal performance across different research applications. Generated using advanced recombinant technologies, these antibodies show strikingly superior specificity, sensitivity and batch-to-batch reproducibility as compared to conventional polyclonal antibodies. ETFA Recombinant Antibodies (WB, ELISA, FCM, IF/ICC/IHC/IP)-Expanded also serves to measure and quantify ETFA in different sample types including mitochondrial preparations, whole cell lysates or tissue sections.

ETFA Recombinant Antibody Product

Not finding the recombinant antibody product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

Product Features

  • High Purity & Activity: High purity and verified integrity for dependable downstream work.
  • Diverse Expression Systems: Choice of expression formats to match routine or specialized projects.
  • Species Reactivity: Products available for human, mouse, pig, and other species.
  • Validated Applications: Application-tested to deliver consistent signals across common lab workflows.
  • Exceptional Lot-to-Lot Consistency: Tight lot-to-lot control for reproducible performance.
  • Customization Options: Flexible customization of tags, labels, or packaging upon request.

Custom ETFA Membrane Protein and Antibody Discovery Services

In addition to our catalog products, we provide specialized custom services for protein and antibody discovery & development. With our considerable experience in mitochondrial metabolism and inborn error research, we can help you with the following:

  • Custom ETFA Receptor Production: Tailored expression, purification, and characterization of challenging multi-domain receptor constructs.
  • Custom Antibody Development: From antigen design to antibody engineering (monoclonal, polyclonal, recombinant) for specific research applications.
  • Stable Cell Line Development: Generation of bespoke stable cell lines expressing your target of interest.
  • Functional Assay Development: Designing and executing assays to assess receptor activation and ligand.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

  1. Do you have stable cell lines that continually co-express ETFA and ETFB for modeling mitochondrial electron transfer or fatty acid oxidation flux?

    Yes, we have established dual-stable lines where full-length ETFA and ETFB are expressed from different genomes. Every batch is supplied with a specification for mitochondrial localisation and breathing chain coupling, thus providing a reproducible cellular platform in which metabolic flux can be continuously monitored without repeated transient transfection.

  2. Is your recombinant ETFA provided in a carrier-free format for compatibility with direct usage in spectrophotometric FAD binding assays or enzyme kinetics involving electron transfer?

    Yes, it is here in a protein buffer formatted to have low endotoxin and near-physiological pH free of other carrier proteins and denaturing agents. This enables dilution directly into spectrophotometric assays, or coupled enzyme reactions, without dialysis or buffer exchange.

  3. Are your ETFA products suitable for clinical or diagnostic use?

    No, all ETFA products and services are for research use only and not intended for clinical diagnosis, prevention, treatment or cure.

  4. Can I order in bulk or custom formulations if needed for high-throughput screening?

    Yes. With more affordable pricing levels for academic and industrial scaleup needs, we provide everything you want quickly. Submit the anticipated volume and timeline on our inquiry portal to get a customized quote.

Reference
  1. Guo, Jingjing, et al. "Hepatocyte-derived Igκ promotes HCC progression by stabilizing electron transfer flavoprotein subunit α to facilitate fatty acid β-oxidation." Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 43.1 (2024): 280. Under Open Access license CC BY 4.0, without modification. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-024-03203-8
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