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NRP1

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All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Background

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), encoded by the NRP1 gene located on chromosome 10p11.22, is a 130-140 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the neuropilin family. The extracellular region of NRP1 is composed of five distinct subdomains: two N-terminal CUB domains (a1 and a2), two coagulation factor V/VIII homology domains (b1 and b2), and a MAM (meprin, A5 antigen, receptor tyrosine phosphatase μ) domain (c domain). The a1/a2 CUB domains mediate binding to class 3 semaphorins such as SEMA3A, while the b1 domain contains the primary binding site for VEGF-A and other C-end Rule (CendR) ligands; the MAM domain is important for receptor homodimerization and heterodimerization with plexin family members. NRP1 has a relatively short cytoplasmic domain of approximately 40 amino acids that contains an intrinsically disordered region (IDR); recent studies have shown that this IDR interacts with multiple binding partners including GIPC-1 and SNX-5, and that phosphorylation within this region modulates these interactions. NRP1 is expressed in multiple tissues including the developing heart, vasculature, lung, kidney, placenta, and epidermis, and is found on endothelial cells, neurons, immune cells, and tumor cells.

NRP1 functions as a non-catalytic transmembrane co-receptor that binds structurally diverse ligands and modulates signaling through multiple pathways. NRP1 serves as a co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), enhancing the binding of the VEGF165 isoform of VEGFA to VEGFR2 and promoting VEGF165-mediated chemotaxis. Through this mechanism, NRP1 plays a critical role in steering VEGFA-induced endothelial cell responses toward angiogenesis. NRP1 also binds class 3 semaphorins—most notably SEMA3A—which are regulators of neuronal guidance. Semaphorin signaling through NRP1 requires complex formation with plexin family members, mediating chemorepulsive axon guidance and contributing to vascular patterning. Beyond its well-established roles in vascular development and axon guidance, NRP1 has been identified as an immunoregulatory receptor that enhances the suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). NRP1 expression on T cells has been shown to confer enhanced immunosuppressive activity, and NRP1 has also been reported to interact with TGF-β signaling pathways. These properties make NRP1 an important research target for studies of angiogenesis, axon guidance, immune regulation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying receptor co-receptor signaling networks.

Fig.1 Structure of NRP1. (OA Literature) Fig. 1 The core structure of NRP1.1

NRP1 Protein Function: Roles in VEGF Signaling, Semaphorin-Mediated Axon Guidance, and Immune Regulation

NRP1, encoded by the NRP1 gene, functions as a multifunctional transmembrane co-receptor that binds diverse ligands and modulates signaling through multiple pathways:

  • VEGF Signaling Modulation: NRP1 serves as a co-receptor for VEGFR2, enhancing VEGF165 binding to VEGFR2 and promoting VEGF-mediated endothelial cell chemotaxis and angiogenesis.
  • Semaphorin-Mediated Axon Guidance: NRP1 binds class 3 semaphorins such as SEMA3A and forms signaling complexes with plexin family members, mediating chemorepulsive axon guidance and contributing to vascular patterning.
  • Immune Regulation: NRP1 is expressed on regulatory T cells and enhances their immunosuppressive function; it has also been reported to interact with TGF-β signaling pathways.
  • Multi-Domain Ligand Binding: The CUB domains (a1/a2) mediate semaphorin binding, the b1 domain contains the primary binding site for VEGF-A and CendR ligands, and the MAM domain is important for receptor homo- and heterodimerization.
  • Cytoplasmic Domain-Mediated Protein Interactions: The intrinsically disordered region of the NRP1 cytoplasmic domain interacts with multiple binding partners including GIPC-1 and SNX-5, with phosphorylation modulating these interactions.

NRP1 Membrane Protein Product

Creative Biolabs offers high-quality NRP1 membrane protein products produced using optimized expression systems. These include full-length type I transmembrane protein that retains the native membrane-spanning domain and cytoplasmic intrinsically disordered region, as well as isolated extracellular domain variants containing the CUB domains, coagulation factor homology domains, and MAM domain. The extracellular domains mediate ligand binding to VEGF and semaphorin family members as well as receptor complex formation, making these proteins suitable for studies of ligand-receptor interactions, co-receptor signaling, and protein complex assembly. All NRP1 proteins undergo strict quality control to support consistent performance across applicable research platforms.

Custom NRP1 Protein Product

Not finding the protein product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

NRP1 Stable Cell Line Product

Creative Biolabs provides custom-engineered NRP1 stable cell lines, including overexpression and knockdown models. These cell lines are optimized for studies of VEGF signaling, semaphorin-mediated axon guidance, immune cell regulation, and receptor co-receptor complex formation. Each cell line undergoes stringent validation to ensure stable expression profiles and consistent functional performance in diverse experimental contexts.

NRP1 Stable Cell Line Product

Not finding the stable cell line product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

NRP1 Recombinant Antibody Product

High-specificity recombinant antibodies targeting NRP1 are developed using antibody engineering technologies for research applications involving NRP1 expression and localization. These antibodies can be used in studies of NRP1 distribution in endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cell populations, and may also support characterization of NRP1-containing receptor complexes in combination with appropriate detection reagents.

NRP1 Recombinant Antibody Product

Not finding the recombinant antibody product you need? Contact us to start your one-stop custom service!

Product Features

  • Native Multi-Domain Structure Preservation: Maintains the characteristic CUB domain, coagulation factor homology domain, and MAM domain architecture essential for ligand binding and receptor complex formation studies.
  • Angiogenesis and Neurobiology Research Compatibility: Optimized reagent series for studies of VEGF signaling, semaphorin-mediated axon guidance, and vascular development.
  • High Specificity for NRP1: Minimizes non-specific cross-reactivity with NRP2 and other related transmembrane receptors.
  • Comprehensive Customization Support: Facilitates end-to-end development of customized proteins, antibodies and stable cell lines to address co-receptor signaling and multi-ligand receptor biology research demands.

Custom NRP1 Research Services

Beyond catalog products, Creative Biolabs offers specialized custom services for NRP1 research:

  • Custom NRP1 Protein Production: Tailored expression of mutant and tagged NRP1 constructs for ligand binding and receptor complex studies.
  • Custom Antibody Development: Generation of NRP1-specific antibodies for immunostaining, flow cytometry, and protein detection applications.
  • Stable Cell Line Engineering: Construction of NRP1-modified cell models for VEGF signaling, axon guidance, and immune regulation research.
  • Functional Assay Development: Custom design of ligand binding, receptor complex formation, and signaling pathway detection workflows.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the primary function of NRP1?

    NRP1 is a type I transmembrane co-receptor that binds VEGF and class 3 semaphorins, modulating angiogenesis, axon guidance, and immune cell function through interactions with VEGFR2, plexins, and other signaling partners.

  2. Why is NRP1 a significant research target?

    NRP1 plays critical roles in vascular development, neuronal guidance, and immune regulation. Its ability to bind structurally diverse ligands and function as a co-receptor for multiple signaling pathways makes it a key target for studies of angiogenesis, neurobiology, and immunology.

  3. Are Creative Biolabs' NRP1 products suitable for clinical use?

    No, all NRP1 products and services are strictly for research use only, not intended for clinical diagnosis or treatment.

  4. What types of NRP1 products does Creative Biolabs offer?

    Offerings include full-length NRP1 transmembrane proteins, extracellular domain variants, specific detection antibodies, and custom stable cell lines for angiogenesis, neurobiology, and immune regulation research.

  5. How are NRP1 proteins validated for activity?

    NRP1 proteins are validated via ligand binding assays (VEGF and semaphorin), receptor complex formation assays, and relevant functional characterization in applicable research platforms.

Reference
  1. Wang, Y., et al. "Crosstalk Between NRP1 and Autophagy in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targeting." Frontiers in Immunology 17 (2026): 1786502. Under Open Access license CC BY 4.0, without modification. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1786502
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