TGFB1

Background

The TGFB1 gene is located in the 19q13.2 region of human chromosome 19 and encodes transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), which belongs to the TGF-beta superfamily of cytokines. TGF-β1 is synthesized as a precursor protein with a signal peptide, a pro-region, and a mature peptide. The pro-region, known as the latency-associated peptide, remains non-covalently associated with the mature peptide to form the small latent complex, which is sequestered in the extracellular matrix until activated. The mature peptide is 112 amino acids and forms a disulfide-linked homodimer of approximately 25 kDa. TGF-β1 is highly expressed in bone and cartilage and is widely expressed in platelets, lung, and other tissues. As a multifunctional cytokine, TGF-β1 signals through a heterotetrameric receptor complex of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, activating the SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix production, and immune responses. TGF-β1 is a potent stimulator of connective tissue synthesis and myofibroblast activation, playing a central role in fibrotic diseases affecting the lung, liver, kidney, and heart. It also regulates T cell lineage decisions, favoring regulatory T cell differentiation at high concentrations while promoting Th17 differentiation under inflammatory conditions. TGF-β1 has a dual role in cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor in early stages while promoting tumor progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis in advanced disease. Germline inactivation of TGF-β1 in mice causes fatal autoimmune-like inflammation and early lethality, underscoring its essential role in immune homeostasis. Therefore, TGF-β1 is regarded as an important molecular target for studying fibrosis, immune regulation, and cancer biology. Its functional analysis provides valuable tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms of tissue remodeling and immune tolerance.

Fig. 1 Moderating role of viral hepatitis in TGFB1 SNP effects.¹

Function of TGFB1 Protein: A Key Pleiotropic Cytokine Driving Tissue Fibrosis and Immune Regulation

The functional spectrum of TGFB1 is extensive and is continuously expanding:

• Regulation of extracellular matrix production and fibrosis: TGF-β1 is a potent stimulator of connective tissue synthesis, promoting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, collagen deposition, and extracellular matrix production. It plays a central role in fibrotic diseases affecting the lung, liver, kidney, and heart.
• Modulation of immune responses: TGF-β1 regulates T cell differentiation in a context-dependent manner, favoring regulatory T cell development at high concentrations while promoting Th17 differentiation under inflammatory conditions. Its immunosuppressive activity is essential for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance.
• Control of cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: TGF-β1 exerts growth-inhibitory effects on epithelial cells and can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process implicated in embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.
• Study on the relationship between protein structure and function: TGF-β1 is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is processed into a mature disulfide-linked homodimer. Structural studies of the mature cytokine and its latent complex have revealed the molecular mechanisms of latency, activation, and receptor binding, providing insights into how TGF-β1 activity is tightly controlled in vivo.

TGFB1 Recombinant Protein Product

Creative Biolabs offers a series of high-quality TGFB1 recombinant protein products, suitable for structural and functional research. Relying on the independently developed MemDX™ recombinant protein technology platform, TGFB1 proteins can be prepared through various expression systems, including in vitro prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. These rigorously validated protein products, such as recombinant human TGFB1 protein from various expression systems, can be used in ELISA, antibody screening and identification, receptor binding experiments, and functional research, providing reliable tools for researchers to analyze the signaling mechanisms and biological functions of TGFB1.

TGFB1 Protein Product

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TGFB1 Stable Cell Line Product

Constructing a robust cell model is crucial for the study of TGFB1-mediated signaling. As a multifunctional cytokine that regulates fibrosis and immune responses, the expression and activation of TGFB1 directly influence downstream SMAD signaling and cellular outcomes. Different genetic backgrounds, regulatory factors, or changes in expression levels may lead to significant differences in TGFB1 activity and biological function. Creative Biolabs offers customized TGFB1 stable transfection cell models, covering wild-type and various modified forms. These models stably express and secrete the target protein, and are suitable for studies on SMAD signaling, fibrosis-related gene expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and functional evaluation of TGFB1 in immune regulation and tissue remodeling, providing a reliable and reproducible platform for exploring the signaling mechanism, structure-function relationship, and regulatory network of TGFB1. Our technology ensures correct protein expression and secretion, facilitating your research.

TGFB1 Stable Cell Line Product

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TGFB1 Recombinant Antibody Product

Creative Biolabs offers highly specific recombinant antibodies targeting TGFB1, produced using advanced recombinant antibody technology. Compared to traditional antibodies, these recombinant antibodies demonstrate superior performance in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and batch-to-batch consistency. They can also be modified and labeled in various ways. Our TGFB1 recombinant antibodies support a wide range of applications, including Western Blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and immunoprecipitation, and can be used to detect differences in TGFB1 expression levels in various tissues or cell sources, analyze its secretion and activation, and conduct related research such as receptor-ligand interaction and SMAD signaling pathway analysis. These antibodies provide reliable detection tools for the structural analysis, functional study of TGFB1, and the analysis of its regulation in fibrotic and immune signaling networks.

TGFB1 Recombinant Antibody Product

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Product Features

• Multiple expression platforms: Recombinant proteins can be produced through a variety of systems, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, to accommodate diverse experimental requirements.
• Broad application suitability: Products are suitable for use in ELISA, antibody screening, receptor binding assays, SMAD signaling studies, Western Blot, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and related techniques.
• Consistent batch performance: Stringent quality control measures maintain reproducibility across production lots, supporting the reliability and comparability of experimental data.
• Tailored customization capabilities: Customized services are available for specific isoforms, tag configurations, or expression formats tailored to individual research needs.

Custom TGFB1 Recombinant Protein and Antibody Discovery Services

In addition to the standard products, Creative Biolabs also offers professional customized services for TGFB1. TGFB1 is a secreted cytokine synthesized as an inactive precursor and regulated by a complex latency and activation system. These features present specific requirements in areas such as recombinant protein production, antigen design, and functional characterization. Leveraging our technology platform, we can assist you in completing the following customized projects:

• Customized production of recombinant proteins: Tailored expression (using multiple expression platforms), purification, and characterization of TGFB1 in mature, latent, or tagged forms.
• Customized antibody development: From antigen design to antibody engineering (monoclonal, polyclonal, recombinant antibodies), supporting detection of distinct TGFB1 forms or epitope-specific recognition.
• Construction of stable cell model: Generate stable cell lines expressing specific TGFB1 variants or modified forms, enabling comparative signaling and functional studies.
• Development of the functional detection system: Design and implementation of experimental workflows for receptor binding assays, SMAD signaling analysis, fibrosis-related gene expression studies, and assessment of functional consequences of TGFB1 activity.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What is the primary function of the TGFB1 protein?

   TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix production, and immune responses. It is a potent stimulator of connective tissue synthesis and fibrosis, and it modulates T cell differentiation to maintain immune tolerance. It signals through type I and type II receptors to activate the SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway.

2. What makes TGFB1 a significant research target?

   TGF-β1 plays a central role in fibrotic diseases and has a dual role in cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor in early stages while promoting tumor progression and metastasis in advanced disease. Its essential role in immune homeostasis is underscored by the fatal autoimmune inflammation observed in TGF-β1-deficient mice. These features make it a valuable target for studying fibrosis, immune regulation, and cancer biology.

3. Are Creative Biolabs' TGFB1 products intended for clinical use?

   They are not. All TGFB1 products and services provided by Creative Biolabs are exclusively for research applications and may not be employed for any diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic purpose in humans.

4. What TGFB1 products are available from Creative Biolabs?

   Multiple product formats are available, encompassing recombinant TGFB1 proteins, stable cell models expressing TGFB1, high-quality recombinant anti-TGFB1 antibodies, as well as comprehensive customized research services.