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HighlightsProtein prenylation is an important protein post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins and is widely present in eukaryotic cells. It involves protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation and plays various roles in cell physiology and pathology. Additionally, it has important regulatory functions in many diseases. Based on our advanced hybridoma technology platform and phage display platform, Creative Biolabs provides comprehensive research services for the development of antibodies specific to prenylation.
Prenylation refers to the addition of a hydrophobic molecule, such as one or more isoprene side chains, to a protein or biomolecule. Protein prenylation specifically involves the transfer of either a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl moiety to the C-terminal cysteine of the target protein. This critical and irreversible PTM regulates life processes at the lipid membrane-protein interface in most organisms. By enabling hydrophilic proteins to function as peripheral membrane proteins, this hydrophobic modification plays a crucial role.
In prokaryotic cells, protein prenylation also plays an important role. For instance, the mutation of geranyl transferase IspA in Staphylococcus aureus leads to a reduction in farnesyl pyrophosphate production to one third of the wild-type level. This alteration causes significant changes in gene transcription, protein translation, reduced ATP levels, and alterations in cell envelope composition. Ultimately, it increases the susceptibility of mutant cells to oxidative stress.
Similarly, in eukaryotes, protein prenylation is equally important. A large proteomic screen identified or predicted only 15 proteins as prenylation targets of Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan malaria pathogen, most of which were RAB GTPases. In contrast, several hundred proteins are prenylated in multicellular animals and plants.
Prenylation is involved in various cellular processes. Dysregulation of isoprene and protein isoprenoidation has been associated with several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bone diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, premature aging, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, isoprene and/or isoprene-based transferases have emerged as attractive targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Inhibitors of isoprene-based transferase s can be potential therapeutics against a wide range of diseases, including oncology, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, parasitic diseases, bacterial infections, and viral infections. For example, studies have demonstrated that lipophilic and BBB-permeable statins can modulate isoprene metabolism and protein isoprenylation in the brain, suggesting their potential use in treating CNS-related disorders. Isoprenyltransferases and related enzyme inhibitors have also shown significant therapeutic efficacy in viral infections, hepatitis, malaria, and fungal infections.
Proteins that can undergo isoprenoid modification possess conserved sequences that can be predicted. Chemical proteomics is a powerful tool for experimental testing in this context. It involves metabolically labeling living cells with isoprene analogs containing reactive groups like azide or alkyne groups. These groups can be introduced using bioorthogonal reactions for fluorescent or biotin labeling. Labeled proteins can then be separated through conventional gel electrophoresis or affinity chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry detection, and so on. In the study of prenylation, prenylation-specific antibodies play a vital role and are widely used to investigate protein prenylation under physiological and pathological conditions. During antibody development, the prenylated C-terminus peptide can be linked to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin and purified by affinity chromatography to prepare the target antibody.
The development of PTM specific antibody is a field in which Creative Biolabs has extensive expertise. We are pleased to share our expertise and experience in the creation of prenylation-specific antibodies with you.
All listed services and products are For Research Use Only. Do Not use in any diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
