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Transmembrane immune signaling adaptor TYROBP (DAP12) is a short transmembrane signaling subunit encoded by TYROBP gene, selectively expressed in myeloid and innate lymphoid cell subsets, localized exclusively to plasma membrane lipid bilayers. Distinct from standalone immune receptors, TYROBP associates non-covalently with multiple myeloid surface receptors via charged transmembrane residues, delivering intracellular ITAM-based phosphorylation signals to trigger downstream inflammatory and phagocytic cascades. Under resting immune states, minimal TYROBP-receptor complexes exist to avoid spontaneous immune activation. Upon ligand crosslinking of paired surface receptors, TYROBP cytoplasmic ITAM motifs undergo phosphorylation to recruit cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, amplifying antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion programs. Unlike universal signaling adaptors with broad cell distribution, TYROBP carries myeloid-restricted innate immune amplification functions that cannot be fully compensated by other ITAM-bearing subunits, linking surface receptor ligation to myeloid effector activation pathways. Loss of functional TYROBP ablates multiple myeloid receptor signaling and weakens host anti-pathogen defense, while sustained TYROBP-dependent signaling drives exaggerated tissue inflammation, establishing TYROBP as a core research target for immune adaptor biology and anti-inflammatory compound screening.
TYROBP executes ITAM-mediated signal adaptor function embedded within myeloid cell surface bilayers, utilizing conserved cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs to mediate kinase recruitment after receptor clustering. Conserved transmembrane charged residues exclusively mediate pairing with myeloid sensor receptors, separating its binding spectrum from lymphocyte-specific signaling adaptors. TYROBP-mediated signal transduction bridges extracellular ligand detection and intracellular myeloid effector transcription programs, balancing inflammatory response magnitude relative to pathogen stimulus intensity. TYROBP participates in myeloid phagocytosis, microbial pattern sensing and innate cytokine production. Deficient TYROBP expression disrupts myeloid receptor signal transduction and impairs systemic innate immune surveillance. Therefore, TYROBP represents a pivotal research target for ITAM adaptor study and myeloid immune modulator screening.
Fig. 1 Full schematic of TYROBP (DAP12) homodimer protein architecture, human/mouse sequence conservation, canonical ITAM phosphorylation signaling cascade and three downstream effector axes governing myeloid cell proliferation, cytokine secretion and phagocytosis.1
The biological functions of TYROBP are focused on receptor co-association, ITAM phosphorylation and myeloid effector signal control:
Creative Biolabs offers high-quality TYROBP proteins through optimized expression systems, including full-length transmembrane adaptor constructs and isolated cytoplasmic ITAM reagents. Full-length constructs are suitable for receptor-pairing studies, while phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated ITAM reagents support kinase and SH2-domain binding studies. All TYROBP proteins undergo strict quality control to ensure consistent performance across research applications.
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Creative Biolabs provides custom-engineered TYROBP stable cell lines, including overexpression and blank control models. These cell lines are optimized for immune adaptor expression profiling and ITAM signal functional analysis. Each cell line undergoes stringent validation to ensure stable expression profiles and consistent functional performance in diverse experimental contexts.
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High-specificity recombinant antibodies targeting TYROBP are developed via advanced antibody engineering technologies. These antibodies are validated for plasma membrane localization detection and myeloid tissue expression profiling, and can be combined with paired myeloid receptor detection reagents to analyze complete receptor-adaptor signaling complexes in primary myeloid cell models.
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Beyond catalog products, Creative Biolabs offers specialized custom services for TYROBP research:
TYROBP is a transmembrane ITAM adaptor that complexes with myeloid surface receptors to transmit phosphorylation signals driving innate immune activation.
TYROBP acts as a critical link between myeloid microbial sensor receptors and intracellular inflammatory effector programs, governing anti-pathogen innate immunity.
No, all TYROBP products and services are strictly for research use only, not intended for clinical diagnosis or treatment.
Offerings include full-length TYROBP signaling adaptors, isoform-specific detection antibodies and custom stable cell lines for myeloid innate immune research.
TYROBP proteins are validated via receptor co-association and ITAM phosphorylation functional testing.