Penile Cancer Vaccines
Creative Biolabs is a world leader in the field of cancer vaccine development. With our extensive experience and advanced platform, we are therefore confident in offering the best services for penile cancer vaccine development and guarantee the finest results for our customers all over the world.
Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is a malignant growth found on the skin or in the penile tissue. Most of penile cancers (95%) are squamous cell carcinomas. Other types of penile cancer such as melanoma, small cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and other are generally rare. Signs and symptoms include rash and redness on the penis, pain, foul smelling, phimosis, color change, and bleeding from the penis or from under the foreskin. HPV is a risk factor in the development of penile cancer, which is responsible for about 40% of cases of penile cancer diagnosed in the United States. HIV infection is another important factor. HIV-positive men have eight-fold increased risk of developing penile cancer than HIV-negative men. Other risk factors may include genital warts, poor hygiene, smegma, balanitis and penile injury, as well as phimosis. There are several treatment options for penile cancer, depending on staging, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy.
Prophylactic Vaccines for Penile Cancer
Penile cancer can be prevented by taking a number of measures, including quitting smoking, hygiene education, circumcision, and human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention. There is a high prevalence of HPV infection associated with penile cancer worldwide. Recent developments in HPV vaccines have promoted interest in the use for preventing penile cancer.
Human papillomavirus prevalence in the penile cancer is up to 40%. HPV16 is the major genotype accounting for about 63% of HPV-positive tumors. In wart/basaloid cancer, the HPV prevalence is 70-100% compared to about 30% in other types. HPV vaccines may eventually help reduce the risk of all cancers associated with HPV, including penile cancer.
HPV is an uncoated double-chain DNA virus. There are more than 100 known variants of HPV. Approximately 4% of all global cancers are attributable to the carcinogenic effects of HPV. The HPV proteins E6 and E7 play a key role in HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. In addition to inactivating p53, E6 can bind to transcription factors (myc), autocrine motility factors that regulate cell adhesion and polarity (paxillin), apoptosis-inducing factors (Bcl2) and replication and DNA repair factors (mcm7), while the E7 protein inactivates the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein via proteasome dependent degradation and causes p16INK4a overexpression, which can be detected on immunohistochemistry and can be employed as a reliable diagnostic marker of high-risk HPV infection. Interestingly, the p16INK4a protein is overexpressed both in intraepithelial and invasive lesions and can serve as a reliable diagnostic histologic biomarker of HPV infection in penile cancers. On the basis of the established etiopathogenetic role of HPV in a subgroup of penile cancer patients, it can be speculated that HPV-associated antigens have the potential to provide specific targets for an immunotherapy approach in men with penile cancer.
Creative Biolabs is a leader in the field of vaccine development and has focused on the cancer vaccines for years. We have experts who are able to help you with the development of the penile cancer vaccines. If you are interested in our services, please contact us for more details.
All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.
