Camelpox Virus Vaccine

Creative Biolabs has always been improving itself in terms of meeting all of its customers' needs. Based on the field of vaccine development, after decades of accumulation and evolving, the company has become a leader in the industry. We have a team of professional scientists and a sound R&D platform. Our services cover all aspects of vaccine development, including viruses, bacteria, and tumors. We also have extensive experience in human vaccine and animal vaccine development, especially in the field of camelpox vaccine development.

Camelpox Virus

Camelpox virus (CMLV) is the causative agent of camelpox, a smallpox-like illness in camel. The disease is wide-spread among camel populations, often leading to a huge decrease in productivity and even death of the infected animal. Young camel and pregnant female are usually more vulnerable to the virus and present much more severe symptoms. The virus is a member of Poxviridae family and specifically infect camels, which indicating a limited threat in public health. Post-mortem examination of the dead camels infected by the virus shows that there are kinds of pox-like lesions on the mucous membranes in the respiratory tract and mouth. Camelpox virus could be transmitted through either direct contact with infected animals or indirectly via polluted environment.

Fig.1 Camelpox infection in camels (Bhanuprakash V and Prabhu M, 2010).

Immunity against Camelpox

The immune response elicited by the Camelpox virus includes humoral and cellular response. Which mechanism is more important in protecting the body is still unclear, but it is generally believed that the antibody levels are not a reflection of the immune status of the infected animal. After the natural route of infection with the virus, the body can produce long-lasting immunity. In general, the live attenuated vaccine of the virus can provide protection for at least 6 years or even longer, and the inactivated vaccine usually only provides protection for about one year. Recent study shows that the virus could encode secreted proteins to bind to and thus inhibit the activity of IFN-γ and other cytokines. In addition, v-GAAP, a protein that inhibits apoptosis and a virulence factor, 176R both of which are expressed by the CMLV maybe be responsible for the immune evasion from the host. There are some other proteins the virus encodes probably modulating the immune interactions between host and the virus, and the specific functions of these ORFs expressed proteins still needs further research. In-depth understandings of host-virus interactions are of significant instructiveness in designing and evaluating the effectiveness of CMLV vaccine.

The Development of the Camelpox Vaccine

The research on camelpox vaccine is started followed the worldwide eradication of smallpox for that complete vaccination in global human population may pose a safety status so that it is likely not risky to inoculate VACV to prevent orthopoxviral diseases. Besides, the camelpox virus rather than variola virus has been applied for developing the vaccines in account of safety. And camelpox virus is restricted to infect camels while variola virus could infect other species making it an advantage to use CMLV to vaccinate camels. The existing vaccines for camelpox are made from these CMLV strains: VD_47/25, Ducapox 298/89, Jouf-78, and CMLV-T8. The Jouf-78 strain vaccine is attenuated through 80 passages in cell culture and is able to provide a complete protection against camelpox virus challenge. VD_47/25, also an attenuated vaccine, is safe and protective in camel models.

Creative Biolabs has many years of experience in developing CMLV vaccines. We have multifaceted effective strategies and methods to improve the immunogenicity and durability of vaccines. The company has also solved kinds of difficulties for researchers troubled by camelpox vaccines developing.

Vaccines for Camelpox

Effective prevention and treatment strategies for camelpox are the use of vaccines such as lactic acid therapy, vaccinia virus (VACV) cross-protection, and inactivated vaccines. A live attenuated or inactivated vaccine is available to control camelpox infection.

Inactivated Vaccines

The inactivated vaccine against CMLV provides 1 year of protection. Inactivated camelpox vaccine from Jouf-78 strain has been shown to be safe, effective and immunogenic to induce humoral and cellular immune responses and to protect vaccinated dromedaries after challenge. It elicits an immune response and is recommended to subcutaneously be given at 6 months of age, then the second vaccination at 4-6 months of initial vaccination, and booster dose annually to ensure good protection. Inactivated vaccines from the CMLV strain T8 have been shown to protect young and adult camels from the infection of camelpox. Since inactivated vaccines produce levels of antibodies, adjuvants are needed to enhance their immune response. We offer a variety of adjuvants and screen out the types of adjuvants that enhance the immune response of CMLV inactivated vaccines.

Live Attenuated Vaccines

The immunity with the attenuated vaccine is long lasting and live attenuated vaccine provides protection for at least 6 years. Several camelpox vaccine candidates have been developed containing the following CMLV strains: Jouf-78, VD47/25, and CMLV-T8. They are attenuated by serial passage in the specific cell monolayer and tested for their safety and efficacy. The result shows that these attenuated CMLV strain effectively provide immune protection against CMLV challenge without adverse reactions. Attenuated vaccines provide long-term protection and a booster is recommended before 6-9 months. Therefore, the isolated camelpox virus strains can be used as a future vaccine strain to control camelpox infection.

Our Services for Camelpox Vaccine Development

• Isolation of virus strains
• Inactivation of the virus
• Excellent adjuvant
• Animal experiment
• Antibody titer detection

Creative Biolabs has been at the forefront of international vaccine development in just a few decades, relying on its team of professional scientists and sophisticated research platforms. The company is second to none in the development of poxvirus vaccines. We not only have experience in the development of various types of vaccines but also have unique advantages in improving the immunogenicity and persistence of vaccines.

Reference

1. Bhanuprakash V. (2010). “Camelpox: epidemiology, diagnosis and control measures” Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.8(10):1187-201

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.