Immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blocking antibodies have been recognized as the most effective therapies in the treatment of several human cancers. V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel checkpoint regulator with limited homology, which is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. With advanced and high-end technologies, rich experienced scientists, Creative Biolabs is an excellent service provider in the field of tumor marker assay. After long years ahead to fully comprehend tumor markers, we launch our VISTA assay portfolio service which can be useful for targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis.
VISTA, also known as c10orf54, VSIR, SISP1, B7-H5, PD-1H, DD1α, Gi24, and Dies1, is predominantly expressed within the hematopoietic compartment. It is a 279-amino acid protein with a similar sequence to the B7 family of ligands and receptors, which is structured with a transmembrane domain, an extracellular domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. However, VISTA does not have a classic ITIM/ITAM motif as compared to other B7 co-receptors. Additionally, VISTA is highly conserved between species showing 76% identity between human and mouse, and the highest sequence identity between zebrafish and mouse genomes.
Fig.1 Molecular structure of VISTA protein and its function at a cellular level. (Tagliamento, 2021)
VISTA can act as a ligand expressed on antigen-presenting cells and function as a receptor on T cells. VISTA induces an immunosuppressive environment in multiple cancer types via expression on tumor cells and/or immune cells. The cancers include melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, colorectal cancer, ovarian and endometrial cancers, glioma and fibrosarcoma.
Fig.2 Inhibitory immune checkpoint roles of VISTA in anti-cancer immunity. (Huang, 2020)
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