Simian Retrovirus Vaccine

Vaccine research requires an in-depth understanding of the immune association between pathogens and hosts, and researchers need to understand and master a number of backgrounds and techniques related to this. The systematicness and complexity of vaccine research, the comprehensiveness of the issues that need to be considered, make researchers spend a lot of time and energy. Creative Biolabs is an industry-leading vaccine development company with more than 10 years of experience in vaccine research. We have developed vaccine products and services that cover a wide range of pathogens-targeted vaccines such as bacterial or viral vaccines and disease-related vaccines such as cancer vaccines, all of which are highly recognized by customers all over the world.

Simian Retrovirus

Simian retroviruses are an important class of the Retroviridae family, which establish a lifelong persistent infection after infection with a host. This infection may be active or potentially latent, either pathogenic or clinically insignificant. The relationship between simian retroviruses and diseases such as malignant tumors and immunosuppression has long been established. In addition, the operation of experimental studies on such viruses may also induce reactivation of the virus, increased replication capacity, and some obvious symptoms.

Table1. Features of retrovirus infections in non-human primates.

Immune Responses to Simian Retrovirus

The immune response induced by simian type D retrovirus (SRV) is mainly the inhibition of the function of T cells and B cells. SRV can down-regulate the antigen expression of MHC II molecules, reduce the proliferation of mitogen-induced peripheral monocytes, and lead to less production of immunoglobulin in serum as well as impair function of polymorphonuclear cells. Cytokine changes were also observed in cynomolgus monkeys after SRV infection, including an increase in the expression of mRNA encoding IL-4, macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1α, IL-7 and MIP-1β, and IL -2, and a decrease in the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6. MIP-1α is a cytokine that inhibits the proliferation of early progenitor cells and suppresses the stimulatory activity of mature progenitor cells. Its overexpression suggests the pathogenesis of SRV infection to some extent. In addition, a highly conserved sequence with human and animal retroviruses has been found in the genome of SRV. The homologous polypeptides of this sequence have immunomodulatory functions, including inhibiting cell-mediated immune responses, limiting production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL2, IL12 and enhancing the expression of IL-10.

Another Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a highly sensitive virus in macaques. Animals infected with this virus develop severe and progressive immunodeficiency diseases, which are characterized by a gradual decrease in CD4⁺ lymphocytes at the cellular level and then lead to opportunistic infections. Besides that, the incidence of cancer will also increase greatly. In addition to the reported changes in the expression of cytokine profiles and their surface markers, dysregulation of protein kinases associated with the T lymphocyte signaling pathway has also been observed. Cytokines with increased expression due to SIV infection include IFN-γ, IL10, IL-12, IL18, etc., and the expression of early cell activation marker CD69 is also increased, while the adjustment of tyrosine kinase associated with T cell signaling pathway is abnormal.

Development of Vaccines against Simian Retrovirus

Simian retrovirus, a kind of virus that causes diseases such as immunodeficiency, malignant tumors, etc. in non-human primates, the vaccine research for whom is not only a protection for macaques, but also provides inspiration and guidance for a similar disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As for SRV, it is neutralizing antibodies that are able to protect macaques against SRV infection. a variety of vaccines for simian retrovirus have been evaluated for the efficacy to protect monkeys against infection with the viruses. Among these vaccines, there are inactivated whole virus vaccines, and recombinant live vaccinia virus vaccines targeting SRV-1 or SRV-3 gp70 and gp22, which show cross-protective activity against the two strains of virus. In addition, long-lasting protection was also observed in the evaluation of the recombinant vaccinia virus SRV-2 Env virus vaccine. Therefore, Env remains the target of simian retroviral vaccine research with protective potential.

Services for Development of Vaccines for Simian Retrovirus

• Vaccine design and preparation
• Evaluation of vaccine’s immunogenicity
• Vaccine formulation optimization
• Small-scale and large-scale manufacturing

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All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.