Animal models are useful if they reproduce all or some of the clinical features of a disease. In systemic lupus erythematosus studies and preclinical tests of new therapeutics, spontaneous mouse models, as well as induced SLE models are commonly used based on different research requirements. Unlike NZB/W or MRL/lpr mouse models, in which genetic factors play a central role, induced mouse models develop lupus due to exposure to certain environmental triggers.
The Pristane-Induced Lupus (PIL) Model
Intraperitoneal injections of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, or TMPD), an isoprenoid alkane found at high concentration in mineral oil, is a standard method to induce systemic lupus with characteristic organ involvement and autoantibodies (auto-abs) in various mouse strains, such as BALB/c and C57BL/6. However, different strains show diverse clinical presentations, suggesting that environment has a considerable importance in lupus. TMPD-treated BALB/c mice, for instance, are characterized by: 
Fig.1 Levels of IgM Antihistone antibodies detected by ELISA in sera
of the pristane-induced lupus mice. Normal, normal control group;
Model, PIL model group; Pre, prednisone-treatment group;
MT1-3, melatonin group. (Zhou et al. 2010)
Induced Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Model
Various models of induced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have been used as models of lupus, including chronic and acute models. Similar to the pristane-induced model, these models require only a single injection of donor cells to induce a lupus-like syndrome. Pathological features associated with these models include:
Compared to existing spontaneous murine models, GVHD models offer advantages such as they are reproducible and predictable, they exhibit rapid disease onset and relatively short time course. What's more, the severity is dependent on the number of allografted cells. These respects of the GVHD model render it particularly suitable for the study of lupus and the testing drug effects.
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